![]() Related Concept: Information Convergence Case Studies of the Proximity Principle 1. Closure: If an image contains missing parts, perceptual processes tend to fill in the gaps to complete the image and make it whole.Connectedness: Individual elements that are connected are perceived as more related than elements that are not connected. ![]() Similarity: Elements that are alike tend to be grouped together.Continuity: Individual elements that are arranged in a manner in which they could be connected by a smooth and continuous line are followed by the eye and perceived as a whole.Proximity: Individual elements of a visual stimulus that are close together are perceived as being related.The Gestalt movement offered the study of psychology an additional approach to understanding people, their thoughts, feelings, and cognitive processes. Their perspective was in direct contrast to the structuralist orientation popular in psychology at the time. Gestalt theory was formulated by Max Wertheimer, Wolfgang Kohler, and Kurt Koffka. The Gestalt theory principles refer to how human beings perceive visual stimuli. Textbook chapters often present information that is distinct from the main subject in separate boxes on the page to help the reader organize the content more efficiently.Restaurant menus place items in the same categories (appetizers, main meals, desserts) together.Empty space helps the reader distinguish it from other content. In website design, content that is related is set close together.This makes the player positions very clear. The fullback icons are closer to each other than they are to the midfielder icons. soccer) on T.V., commentators will show a graphic of the field with icons of the same position placed near each other. People that sit near each other in a section of a stadium are perceived as cheering for the same team.Table and chairs in the dining room are placed near each other and referred to as “dining room table and chairs.” If placed in the kitchen, their label is changed to “kitchen table and chairs.” Each grouping consists of the same items (table and chairs), but they are perceived as distinct groups when positioned in separate areas.Putting a blank space between paragraphs in a report or academic paper helps the reader understand that the next set of sentences will present a new idea. ![]() Each area is separated by white space to help the viewer perceive distinctiveness.
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